Artist
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An artist is a person engaged in creating art, or practicing the arts. The most common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only.
However, the term is also very widely used in the entertainment business to refer to actors, musicians, singers, dancers and other performers.[1] The French word artiste is sometimes used in English in this context, although this has become old-fashioned. The use of the term "artist" to describe writers is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts such as critics' reviews;[2] "author" is generally used instead.
While the use of the word 'artist' is common, there is no agreed upon definition of art[3]—this makes the definition of who is and is not an artist indeterminate. Many artist and theorists still debate their interpretation of art's definition.[4]
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Dictionary definitions
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older, broader meanings of the word "artist":
- a learned person or Master of Arts,
- one who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry,
- a follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice,
- a follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic,
- one who makes their craft a fine art, or
- one who cultivates one of the fine arts–traditionally the arts presided over by the muses
The Britannica Dictionary defines "artist" as:[5]
- a person who creates art,
- a person who is skilled at drawing, painting, etc.,
- a skilled performer, or
- a person who is very good at something
The Cambridge Dictionary defines the word as:
- someone who paints, draws, or makes sculptures,
- someone who performs music, or
- someone who creates things with great skill and imagination
Etymology – history of the term
Ancient Greece (1100 BC-330 AD)
The Greek word Template:Lang (Template:Langx; Template:IPA, Template:IPA), often translated as "art", implies mastery of any sort of craft.
In Greek culture, each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation:
- Calliope (the "beautiful of speech"): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry
- Clio (the "glorious one"): muse of history
- Erato (the "amorous one"): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs
- Euterpe (the "well-pleasing"): muse of music and lyric poetry
- Melpomene (the "chanting one"): muse of tragedy
- Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the "[singer] of many hymns"): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric
- Terpsichore (the "[one who] delights in dance"): muse of choral song and dance
- Thalia (the "blossoming one"): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry
- Urania (the "celestial one"): muse of astronomy
No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece, sculptors and painters were held in low regard, the work often performed by slaves and mostly regarded as mere manual labour.[6][7]
The word art derives from the Latin "Template:Lang" (stem art-), which, although literally defined means "skill method" or "technique", also conveys a connotation of beauty.
Europe Middle Ages (500 – 1500)
During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman, while the word artisan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period, some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures.
The first division into major and minor arts dates back at least to the works of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472): De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura, which focused on the importance of the intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind).[8]
Europe 17th Century (1600-1700)
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With the academies in Europe (second half of 17th century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set.
Modern Day
Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription; in the same way, the features constituting beauty and the beautiful cannot be standardized easily without moving into kitsch.
Artists' definitions
Some artists explain their beliefs about art or in being an artist. These beliefs may compel them to take actions outside of the act(s) of creating art but are still related to their work.
Doechii (Jaylah Ji'mya Hickmon) is an American singer, song writer, and rapper who won Best Female Artist in 2025 at the BET Awards. She stated her position as an artist requires civic responsibility while receiving this award. [9]
A single artist may create an art manifesto to explain their work while multiple may join or start art movements of ideologically aligned people to create a set of guidelines or rules to follow when making art.
One of them is the Manifesto of Futurism, created by an Italian poet called Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. It lists 11 declarations of what Futurism means and then goes on to explain in further detail. He discussed the progress of automobiles, steamers, and aeroplanes and how it created new beauty—speed. He believed literature would be absorbed, not overshadowed, by such progress. Literature and poetry would become an aggressive force against the world.[10].
This manifesto partially inspired people to choose fascism in Italy. "From the 1920s to the 1940s he [Filippo Tommaso Marinetti] allied himself with the Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Sharing a vision of a new Italy empowered by national and cultural supremacy, they relied on each other for inspiration and collaboration. Marinetti hoped that by supporting Fascism, Futurism would win the backing of the regime, become the official art of the state..."[11]
Education and Employment
India
17th Century (1600-1700)
In 1556 a new leader was given control of Delhi who would create a major shift in the design, construction, and aesthetics of Indian art—12 year old Akbar. He formed a royal manuscript atelier (modern-day term: artist collective) consisting of 30 painters and 70 assistants from Central Asia, India, and Persia. Their earliest works had them work in teams to create large pieces for public instead of private viewing. "Each illumination focuses on a single dramatic episode, which retains its primacy even if it is set among a host of subsidiary vignettes."[12]
United States of America
Modern Day
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies many visual artists as either craft artists or fine artists.[13] A craft artist makes handmade functional works of art, such as pottery or clothing. A fine artist makes paintings, illustrations (such as book illustrations or medical illustrations), sculptures, or similar artistic works primarily for their aesthetic value.
The main source of skill for both craft artists and fine artists is long-term repetition and practice.[13] Many fine artists have studied their art form at university, and some have a master's degree in fine arts. Artists may also study on their own or receive on-the-job training from an experienced artist.
The number of available jobs as an artist is increasing more slowly than in other fields.[13] About half of US artists are self-employed. Others work in a variety of industries. For example, a pottery manufacturer will employ craft artists, and book publishers will hire illustrators.
In the US, craft and fine artists have a median income of approximately US$56,260 per year.[13] This compares to US$61,000 for all art-related fields, including related jobs such as graphic designers, multimedia artists, animators, and fashion designers.[13] Many artists work part-time as artists and hold a second job.[13]
See also
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- Art history
- Arts by region
- Artist in Residence
- Humanities
- List of painters by name
- List of painters
- List of photographers
- List of composers
- List of sculptors
- Mathematics and art
- Starving artist
- Tattoo artist
- Tortured artist
References
Works cited
- P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
- C. T. Onions (1991). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press Oxford. Template:ISBN
External links
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- ↑ In Our Time: The Artist BBC Radio 4, TX 28 March 2002
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- ↑ P.Galloni, Il sacro artefice. Mitologie degli artigiani medievali, Laterza, Bari, 1998
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